8 Components of Customer Personas

Customer persona defined

A customer persona, also known as a buyer persona, is a profile of your ideal customer. It is a research-based, semi-fictional representation of your target customer and typically includes the following information:

• Demographics
• Consumer behaviors and preferences
• Beliefs, attitudes and values
• Pain points or challenges
• Unmet needs and how they relates to your product or service
• Channels where they go for information or entertainment

Developing a customer persona helps frame your marketing messages for a specific audience. It ensures you’re speaking to your ideal customer’s needs, goals and preferred channels for content consumption. This individual should be representative of the market you’re trying to reach.

One of the biggest reasons to build customer personas is that it encourages businesses to think about communicating the benefits of their product or service in terms of the actual people who will use it. It forces you to think of your users or customers as people, not as abstract concepts. This also helps you think about how to provide real value to your customers, which is ultimately what they care about.

How to create a customer persona

You can get started creating customer personas in a few simple steps. Building these personas can help you better understand the types of customers you’re trying to attract, improving your marketing efforts and enabling you to deliver better customer service.

1. Gather existing customer data 

Start by collecting information from your current customer base. This includes data from sales records, customer interactions, and any existing client information. Look for patterns in demographics, such as age, location, income level, and occupation. Review your sales history to understand who is buying your products or services and what motivates their purchases.

2. Conduct customer research 

Go beyond your existing data by directly engaging with your customers. Use surveys, interviews, and feedback forms to gain deeper insights into their needs, challenges, and preferences. Ask open-ended questions that help you understand their motivations, pain points, and decision-making processes. Consider offering incentives like discounts or free consultations to encourage participation and gather more comprehensive information.

3. Analyze customer behaviors and motivations 

Dive deeper into understanding the psychological aspects of your customers. Look at their buying habits, preferred communication channels, and the problems your product or service solves for them. Create a narrative around their typical day, challenges they face, and how your business provides a solution. This step helps you move beyond basic demographics to create a more nuanced understanding of your ideal customer.

4. Create a detailed persona profile 

Develop a fictional character that represents your ideal customer. Give them a name, job, age, and background. Include specific details like their goals, challenges, interests, and typical behaviors. For example, “Sarah is a 35-year-old marketing manager who struggles with time management and needs efficient solutions to streamline her work processes.” This makes the persona more relatable and helps your team better understand who they’re serving.

5. Validate and refine your persona 

Test your customer persona against real-world interactions and sales data. Share the persona with your team and get their feedback. Continuously update the persona as you gather more information and as your business and market evolve. Consider creating multiple personas if you serve different types of customers, but start with your primary target audience.

6. Use the persona to guide business decisions 

Integrate your customer persona into various aspects of your business strategy. Use it to inform marketing messaging, product development, customer service approach, and overall business planning. When making decisions, ask yourself, “Would this resonate with Sarah?” This helps keep your business customer-centric and aligned with your target audience’s needs.

7. Implement ongoing research and updates 

Customer needs and market conditions change constantly. Set up a system to regularly collect and review customer feedback, market trends, and sales data. Plan to revisit and update your customer persona at least once a year, or more frequently if you notice significant shifts in your market or customer base.

By following these steps, you’ll create a powerful tool that helps you understand your customers more deeply and make more informed business decisions. A well-developed customer persona is like having a detailed map guiding your business strategy, helping you to more effectively connect with and serve your target audience.

The key components for building customer personas

Customer personas are research based. While the exact development methods vary, most businesses build their customer profiles using a similar set of questions. Here is a breakdown of the information you need to consider when developing your customer personas.

1. Role and job title

• What does your ideal customer do for a living?
• Do they tend to engage with C-suite members like CEOs, CFOs and other top executives?
• Who do they report to, if anyone?

The answers to these questions depend on your business aims. For example, if your company serves a predominantly B2B market, you can assume your audience is composed of business decision-makers – individuals in charge of making procurement and purchasing decisions.

As you answer these questions and begin profiling your customers, you can include information like their educational background, professional background, skills and role in the organization. These details will help you determine the tone of your messages and what kind of language to use.

2. Responsibilities and daily activities

• What does a typical day in your customer’s life look like?
• What tasks comprise an ordinary workday for them?
• How do they measure the success of their work?
• What skills do they need to perform their job?

These questions allow you to understand the motivations and challenges of your potential customers. Of course, some questions will apply in some situations and others will not. For example, these questions assume your customers are employed. Reframe the questions according to your audience.

3. Media consumption habits

• How much time does your ideal customer spend on social media?
• Where do they get their news? What type of content do they consume most on a daily basis – videos, articles or social media posts?
• What is their favorite social media platform?

These questions help you figure out what kind of content your ideal customers consume regularly and where they go online for news and information. The answers to these questions can be the difference between your business focusing on video content, blogs, or posting on LinkedIn or Facebook.

4. Demographics and firmographics

• What is the average age of your customers?
• Are they single, married and/or parents?
• For organizations, what kind of industry are they in? What are their verticals?
• What challenges do the firms face?

Demographic data may seem unimportant, but it can help you frame your messages for a specific age group. For example, millennials tend to care more about price and would rather splurge on experiences, like vacations, concerts and live sporting events. Firmographic data lets you discover whether the organization has an unmet need your business can solve. This data is especially useful for B2B firms. 

>> Learn More: Best Customer Tracking Methods for Your Small Business

5. Purchase factors they care about

• What factors push your customers into making a purchase? Bargains? Limited-time offers? Convenience?
• Which product factors catch the attention of your customers? Features, benefits or price?

Your research in this area will help you customize your message to prioritize what your customers care most about. If they value price, your marketing messages should position your business as providing the best value for money. If your audience values after-sales support or value-added services like free shipping, adjust your marketing content accordingly. One example of customized marketing is email personalization.

6. Goals and motivations

• What are your customers’ professional goals?
• What are their personal goals?

Just like anyone else, your potential customers are driven by personal goals and motivations. Taking the time to understand these goals allows you to see how your business’s marketing goals align with theirs. The more your goals align, the easier it will be to craft marketing messages that speak to your audience. Not to mention, this actually helps you solve your prospects’ problems.

For example, assume that your persona, Sheila, is a procurement officer for a small graphic design company. Her job goals include maintaining solid communications with suppliers and getting the best prices on raw materials and B2B services. Your aim should be to help Sheila reach her goals.

7. Values

• What values and principles do your customers believe strongly in?
• What are the characteristics of your customers’ personalities?

You can dive deeper into the qualities that define your potential customers’ personalities, world views and values. These factors, also known as psychographics, fill in details that allow you to identify your customers’ attitudes, perspectives and ideals.

Psychographic data is particularly useful for creating marketing messages that appeal to the heart and soul of your audience – something demographic data can’t quite capture. These qualitative factors will help you determine what your audience cares about and how your brand can use this information to connect with them on an emotional level.

8. Pain points and challenges

• What factors prevent your customers from doing their job successfully?
• What problems do your customers frequently encounter at work, school or in their personal lives?

Aside from goals and motivations, it’s also important to find out what things frustrate your customers. Once you figure this out, it becomes easier to understand what exactly will win your audience’s hearts and minds. 

Going back to the Sheila persona, her challenges may include quality assurance of purchased goods, the turnaround time of ordered goods, and communication problems with suppliers. You’ll want to craft a message that eases those pain points for her.

Completing your persona with all of this information is just the beginning. You’ll find room for improvement as you get to know your customers more. Over time, add or change factors like skills, influences, favored brands and even the technology your persona uses to make your descriptions more detailed. That way, you can better target your customers as time goes on. 

To complement your personas, take the time to develop your customer journey map, outlining how your audience interacts with your company. That, too, will help you better reach consumers.

How to use customer personas

Research shows customers are more likely to do business with companies that personalize their messaging. Here’s how you can use your customer personas to improve your marketing and increase sales for your business.

• Use language your audience relates to. If you don’t understand your audience or what they care about, you run the risk of alienating them. You may use jargon they don’t comprehend or fail to show them how your product or service can help them. But once you have well-defined customer personas, you can speak to your target customer in a way they can relate to based on what you know about them.
• Identify relevant influencers. Buyer personas can help you find marketing influencers who have audiences similar to yours. Since you know your ideal customer so well, you’ll understand whether that person’s audience aligns with yours. If you find a match, you can work with that influencer to draw attention to your business.
• Run better marketing campaigns. You should always conduct in-depth audience research before running a marketing campaign. This is true whether you’re sending a cold email or building an entire marketing funnel. Accurate customer personas should inform everything you do, including the copy you write and the graphics you feature on your company website. 
• Qualify leads. The “spray and pray” approach rarely works in marketing. It’s much better to understand your audience so you can target the consumers most likely to be interested in your services. Customer personas can help you qualify leads so you’re not spending your time on people who aren’t a good fit for your product or service. 

Tejas Vemparala and Jamie Johnson contributed to this article.